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Friday, December 11, 2015

遇上恐怖襲擊時,我們應該怎麼辦?


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近年来,恐怖袭击事件頻頻發生,這造成不少無辜民眾因此賠上自己寶貴的性命。今年11月13日,法國巴黎發生血腥恐襲事件後,法國當局為了加強民眾的恐襲求生意識,所以在昨日推出“恐襲求生指南”(terror survival guide),希望民眾在遇到恐怖襲擊事件時不會感到徬徨無助,而是知道該怎麼辦。
馬來西亞工藝大學地緣戰略專家阿茲米哈山教授曾接受《馬新社》訪問時表示,近來在多個國家發生的恐怖襲擊事件,說明世界上沒有一個國家可以免遭恐怖襲擊的威脅。所以身為大馬人的你,不要再認為只有國外才有可能發生恐怖襲擊了。小編整理了一份“恐襲求生指南”,希望大家看了後,能知道在遇到恐襲時該如何應對。
要如何應對恐襲?
遇到鎗擊時:
1.快速掩蔽,快速降低身體姿勢,利用一切可以當作掩護物的東西。
2.不要嘗試和子彈賽跑。
3.能擋子彈的掩護物:牆、柱子、大樹幹、汽車前部、輪胎等
4.不能擋子彈的東西:木門、玻璃門、垃圾桶、灌木叢、花籃、柜台、場館內座椅、汽車門和尾部等
5.能夠擋住自己身體的掩護物,如:柱子
6.不能擋住身體的掩護物,如:路燈桿、小樹桿(因為體積過小,不足以完全擋住自己的身體)
被挾持時,如何應對?
1.被恐怖分子劫持時,一定要保持冷靜,不要反抗。
2.遭到劫持後,應該密切觀察恐怖分子的動靜,設法將有關恐怖分子的情況傳遞出去。
3.將報紙或雜誌塞進衣服裡面,尤其是胸部,很多時候能擋住襲擊者鋒利的刀鋒。
4.在警方發起突襲時,盡可能趴在地上,並在警方的掩護下脫離現場。
5.不要自認口才好,企圖和恐怖分子談判。


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Thursday, December 10, 2015

12 Ways to Get Rid of Gas & Bloating

gasLet’s be straightforward. This is a page about gas, so, that’s what it’s going to sound like it’s about. No dancing around the subject matter, no putting things tentatively, no shame, no giggling…ok a little giggling is fine. Call it whatever, gas, toots, breaking wind, farting, flatulence, air attack, the nether belch-we’re all referring to the same uncomfortable situation that crops up at the worst time-during a test in a silent room, or in a crowded elevator. Usually harmless, intestinal gas can be uncomfortable in more ways than one, and is a symptom rather than an illness itself. Because there are so many possible causes there are many ways to treat it, and you can usually find relief with simple natural remedies.
1. Drink some peppermint tea
Peppermint is great for soothing churning stomachs and easing gas pains. Its essential oil contains menthol, which has an antispasmodic effect of the smooth muscle of the digestive track. It also soothes nerves, and therefore can soothe stomachs that really feel the effect of nervousness and stress. Drink a cup after dinner to help keep things moving slowly.
You will need…
-1 bag of herbal peppermint tea
-1 cup or so of freshly boiled water
Directions
Steeping tea seems like something that’s simple enough, but there’s a proper way to go about it. We often times let the tea bag sit in the water for several minutes, then pull the bag and drink the liquid. This doesn’t allow all the goodness of the tea to infuse thoroughly, and we’re shorting ourselves a good chunk of the benefits. After you boil your water, pour it over the tea bag in a mug, and then cover the mug (a plate works fine.) Let it sit for a full 10-15 minutes. Remove the cover and take out the tea bag, squeezing it to get out every last bit of the healing mixture. If it’s too hot to grab, press it against the side of the mug with a spoon. Sip, relax, and enjoy.
drink tea
2. Let ‘em loose
My first day in 9th grade I was terribly bloated for some reason. The whole day I held it all in, despite my stomach bubbling angrily. When I got off the bus at the end of the day to walk home I am pretty sure I made it back in half my usual time, powered by a self-made jet pack. The moral of the story: if you have gas, try not to hold it in. This isn’t always possible of course, but if you could nab a moment to yourself or run to the bathroom you’ll do yourself a favor. The air has to come out some way, and it’s only going to build up and get worse if you hold it in.
3. Ginger is a tummy tamer
Whether you’re nauseas, struggling with the stomach flu, or suffering from indigestion, chances are you’ve been given ginger in some form to help calm your upset tummy. It is capable of performing its wonders because of several different chemical components it possesses. Two chemicals-gingerols and shgaols- relax the intestinal track and ease any inflammation, while the root in its entirety act as a carminative-that is it prevents the formation of excess gas, or helps expel it.
You will need…
- 1 fresh gingerroot
-A grater (optional)
-1 cup of boiling water, if making tea
-Lemon and honey (optional)
Directions
There are several ways to make gingerroot tea but for gas, we liked this one. Get a medium sized piece of raw gingerroot that looks nice and fresh. Scrub it clean, much like a potato, under warm water. Slice 4-6 thin quarter sized pieces and place them in a large mug. Add a touch of honey or lemon if you like, and then pour very hot water over the slices. Don’t let it boil-turn off the kettle just before or immediately afterwards. Cover and steep for 10 minutes before enjoying. Drink a cup before or after a meal to help with digestion.
Another way to reap the benefits of ginger is to eat a teaspoon of fresh grated ginger before meals, or nibble a root throughout the day.
get rid of gas with ginger tea
4. Crunch on caraway
For centuries caraway has been used to give trapped gas in the digestive track a little shove out the back door. In England from the Middle Ages onward, it has been reported to help gas “caused by wind trapped in the body.” Of course air is only part of it but, if you find yourself puffing up from too much trapped gas, munching on a small handful of caraway seeds straight, or caraway crackers if the taste is too strong, might help.
You will need…
-a pinch of caraway seeds OR several caraway crackers
Directions
When you feel bloated and you’re unable to pass gas, eat a pinch of caraway seeds or a few caraway crackers. If you suffer from regular bloating due to gas, try eating a pinch every morning until you feel you no longer need to.

5. Drink chamomile tea
If peppermint doesn’t suit your fancy, or doesn’t seem to work for you, chamomile is a good route to go. In Germany, a place where herbal treatments are used more frequently than in the west, they call chamomile alles zutraut which translates to “capable of anything,” because it is so useful. Antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, and just plain relaxing, chamomile can help with gas due to indigestion as well as heartburn, whereas peppermint is better for gas caused solely by indigestion.
You will need…
-1 bag of chamomile tea
-1 cup or so of freshly boiled water
-honey or lemon juice (optional)
Directions
Boil approximately 1 cup of water and pour over tea bag. Cover the mug, and let the tea steep for a full 10-15 minutes. Squeeze the bag to get out all the last bits of goodness, and add a bit of honey and lemon if you like. Avoid milk, which tends to trigger gas.
chamomile tea
6. Eat pumpkin
Gas is usually caused by improper food digestion, which is why high fiber foods (like beans) often times create some issues with flatulence. Fiber is hard for us to digest, so it passes through our gut in bulk. When food does not break down in the small intestine, it goes into the large intestine where natural bacteria feasts on it. As a by-product of their munching they produce a variety of gases, which produces a whole range of problems for us. Pumpkin is helpful because it can reduce the amount of gas created. Eat along with any meal to nip your problem in the bud.
You will need…
-Around a cup of pumpkin, baked, steamed, or broiled OR whip up a different pumpkin recipe
Directions
Eat approximately 1 cup of pumpkin with your meal to ward off gas. You can have it baked, steamed, or broiled, or whip up a recipe all your own.
7. Activate yourself
Activated charcoal has helped a number of people with their gas, although no exact reason is known. It is thought that it’s because the activated charcoal is porous (its created like regular charcoal, but oxidized with hot steam or air that makes it develop pores) and these internal spaces are good at trapping chemicals, which is why it is used in the case of drug overdoses. One could apply the same train of thought to excess gas given off by bacteria in our intestines. If you want to see if this could be effective for you, talk to your doctor and read the dosing on the back of the packaging. There is powder, capsule, and tablet form.
activated charcoal
8. Chew food thoroughly
Gas is created, in most cases, by food that we’re having a hard time breaking down. If you chew your food thoroughly you’ll digest it faster, and it will pass through your body with ease. That means it’s not sitting your intestines causing more and more gas that builds up and needs to be expelled.
9. Drink warm lemon water
A glass of warm lemon water every morning keeps the doctor away. It may not sound as good as “an apple a day” but it’s still a helpful habit. Lemon is good for you in a number of ways, including lending a hand when it comes to easing your gas pain. The acidity in lemon stimulates the production of HCL (hydrochloric acid) which is what breaks down our food. More HCL = food breaking down more efficiently = less bloating and gas. The water flushes your system and keeps your digesting tract moving along smoothly. This mixture also works as a mighty fine way to detoxify your entire body, because the lemon helps the livers enzymes work more efficiently.
You will need…
-3 fresh lemon wedges OR 1-2 tablespoons of lemon juice
-A cup of water
Directions
When you wake up in the morning, before you eat and when you have an empty stomach, warm up one cup of water. It doesn’t need to be hot-just nice and toasty warm. Cut 3 slices of fresh lemon and squeeze the juice into the water. Give it a little stir and drink the whole glass. If you don’t have fresh lemon, substitute it with a tablespoon or so of lemon juice. You can adjust the amount of lemon you add, really, just make sure the water is cloudy.
lemonwaterforgas
10. Whip your diet into shape
Many of the foods we eat today, particularly in western culture, just spell trouble. Caffeine laden beverages, sugary sweets, fatty fried foods, and a number of other unsavory edibles mean that your doom is imminent. And by doom I mean having to pass gas in a crowded elevator that’s stopping at every floor. While it is without a doubt best to avoid these unhealthy triggers, healthy foods like beans and broccoli can cause gas too, thanks to their high fiber content. You can try to limit yourself when it comes to healthy culprit foods, but really focus on the unhealthy ones. You’ll feel better overall, and if you’re gassy, at least you know its natural gas…
11. Whip yourself into shape
Diet and exercise go hand-in-hand, and combined make one of the most powerful remedies for a vast amount of ailments that plague us. A little daily dedication is going to take you a long, long, looooong way when it comes to feeling good. It will help your gas too, because gas is often caused by lifestyle and/or diet. If you exercise and move you are keeping your digestive tracts motility trucking along and expelling gas at a rate that won’t blow you away (pun I sent intended.) Most people experience flatulence on average 14 times a day no matter what, and exercise helps maintain that regularity.
12. Eat some anise seed
Anise has anti-spasmodic properties and helps to relax your digestive track, which has a tendency to react to stress in unpleasant ways. The relaxation also helps with cramping. It is also a carminative, which is just a fancy way to say that it is known to expel pent up gas and relieve the bloating that goes with it. Always check with your doctor, but parents with colicky babies have said providing anise seed in water often times brings relief to their children.
Gas is a natural part of life. We’ve developed a culture that shies away from it, makes it terribly embarrassing, and creates way more trouble than it’s worth. If you’re passing gas that means everything down there is working as it should. Think about how you feel when you’re bloated, and then imagine what it would be like if you never ever tooted. Awful. That being said, too much of anything is never a good thing. A gas leak can create all sorts of awkward and uncomfortable situations whether they should or not, and keeping some natural remedies in store can help keep you keep your digestion in line.
12 Remedies for Gas & Bloating- to relieve the pressure. 
http://everydayroots.com/gas-remedies

Monday, December 7, 2015

一顆肉丸‧有多少添加物?



  • 新鮮的魚丸呈白色,魚丸一旦變質可從顏色、味道來判斷。(圖:星洲日報)
今年10月,世界衛生組織(WHO)轄下的國際癌症研究機構(IARC)將加工肉列為“一級致癌物”,這些加工肉也包括所有的丸類,豬肉丸、魚丸、牛肉丸等。
一顆顆滑不溜丟又Q彈爽口的魚丸、一顆顆有嚼勁又彈口的肉丸究竟如何製作?以致這些食物與“毒”扯上關係。
要保鮮防腐劑超標
記者以買家的身份尋訪一家位於吉隆坡的食品添加物批發公司,向業者瞭解在肉類食品加工工序中,所需要的添加劑類別。
經營食品添加物生意約有20年經驗的批發商告知,製作魚丸、肉丸其實都免不了要放防腐劑,否則就要在很短的時間內銷售完所有產品。
這名不願透露姓名的批發商透露,其實不太應該放防腐劑(苯甲酸鈉sodium benzoate,肉丸或魚丸都可用),但是馬來西亞的商家大多都習慣放防腐劑,否則食品很容易壞。
他說:“其實不要放比較好,對健康不好,而且衛生部若抓到了,就很大件事。但是很多人還是有放(防腐劑)。因為如果當天賣不完的話,肉就會很容易壞掉。”
批發商透露,根據添加劑供應商的說法,防腐劑的用量不能超過0.3%(與肉的比例,重量計),而他在記者詢問防腐劑用量時,也一再強調,“不能超量!”
苯甲酸鈉在世界各國均被廣泛使用,然而近年來各國因對其毒性的顧慮,而使得它的使用受限,有些國家如日本已停止生產苯甲酸鈉,並對其使用作出限制。
而且,根據美國食品暨藥物管理局(FDA)的規定,食品中的苯甲酸鈉含量不得超過0.1%。由此可見,若業者按照供應商的建議添加0.3%的防腐劑,就已經超標了。
除了消費者所熟知的防腐劑,廣受大馬消費者喜愛的魚丸還添加了三聚磷酸鈉(STPP:SodiumTripolyphosphate);業界俗稱為“美國粉”。
“這是化學物,所以不可以放太多,要按照供應商說的,最多只可以放0.3%。”食品添加物批發商指出。
三聚磷酸鈉的用量,與防腐劑一樣,不能超過0.3%。其功能是讓魚丸吃起來更彈性爽口、去腥味。三聚磷酸鈉並非本地生產,據批發商告知,他所批發的三聚磷酸鈉從泰國進口,批發價是25公斤300令吉。
肉丸是用味道粉製成
豬肉丸、雞肉丸、牛肉丸、蟹肉丸……,都不是用真正的豬肉、雞、牛肉或蟹肉來製成的,而是透過添加增加各肉類口味的“味道粉”,來為這些加工食品的味道“加持”。
各肉類的味道粉成份不明,以“雞味粉”為例,聞起來類似市面上廣泛售賣的雞味零食。據批發商所說,是符合食用標準的調味料。售價約每30公斤500令吉。
要有彈性添加化學物
焦磷酸鹽(Pyrophosphate)和六偏磷酸鈉(Sodium hexametaphosphate)是另外兩種添加在肉類加工食品中的化學物。
批發商說:“以前大家都不用這個添加物,因為以前做豬肉丸的,大多都自己殺豬,肉質新鮮保留天然的蛋白質,做出來的肉丸就有自然彈性。”
他透露,在肉類不夠新鮮的情況下,添加了焦磷酸鹽和六偏磷酸鈉,就能透過化學作用,對肉類的肌肉蛋白起保水作用,讓肉類保持水分、膠質和彈性。
“其實不放這些化學添加劑,也可以透過加鹽達到同樣的效果,但是放太多鹽會導致味道太鹹。所以大多數人會選擇放添加劑。”
以上兩種化學物,供應商同樣建議用量是0.3%。
營養師:被允許使用
著名營養師張發英受詢時指出,市面上大部份預先包裝或加工食品都含有一種或以上的食物添加劑,不過這些食物添加劑是被允許使用的。
他進一步指出,食物添加劑按不同作用可分為20多類,包括染色料、防腐劑、甜味劑、抗氧化劑等,數量超逾2千種。
他補充,這些食物添加劑是在食物加工處理、包裝、運送或儲存過程中,為達到某種技術用途,而刻意添加於食物內的任何天然或人造物質。
毒性不大不危害健康
張發英說,一般而言,食物添加劑的應用量,只要可以達到所需的技術用途,就是其最低成份的標準。
“由於大部份預先包裝食物都含有食物添加劑,因此我們會從日常飲食中攝入各式各樣的添加劑。”
他指出,一般而言,食預先包裝食物含添加劑物添加劑的毒性問題不大,按照優良製造規範(GMP)正常的使用於食物中不會危害健康。即使食用的產品中某種食物添加劑過量,也不一定意味健康受影響。
張發英認為,消費者應該關注的是,從長遠而言,人體日積月累,由此類加工食品中對化學添加物的攝入量,會否超出衛生部所規定的安全參考值?
“在慢性健康影響方面,即使每日平均攝入量沒有超出安全參考值,但是長期攝入食物添加劑並沒有所謂的安全量。”
消費者應均衡飲食
有基於此,張發英建議消費者應保持均衡飲食,並且多挑選新鮮未加工的食物為主,以避免因偏食某種食物而引致過量攝入食物添加劑。
“至於某些敏感體質可能會因攝入某些食物添加劑而出現敏感反應。因此他們得小心選擇食物,如有需要,可咨詢專業人士的意見。”
他吁請業者在配製及生產食物時,應遵守“優良製造規範”,避免濫用食物添加劑,同時留意衛生局對食物添加劑的監管規定,或是登入JECFA(只有英文版),參考食物添加劑的安全評估結果和規格。
100公斤魚肉放3公斤鹽
王寶嬋:魚丸爽口彈牙
東興海產貿易是適耕莊其中一家大型的魚丸批發店。東主王寶嬋售賣魚丸超過20年,開放式的廚房,讓顧客可以隨時到她的魚丸廠參觀魚丸製作過程。
王寶嬋指出,製作魚丸的主要材料是新鮮的魚肉、薯粉和水,其餘的則是調味料,如鹽和胡椒粉。
她補充,每100公斤的魚肉,要放3公斤的鹽,魚肉才會爽口彈牙。
新鮮魚丸只能放3天由於適耕莊有漁船出貨,因此新鮮的魚源不成問題。她說,唯一的憂慮是,有時漁夫出海太久,保鮮工作欠妥,造成魚質變壞。
她補充,劣等的魚質會影響魚丸的味道,比如說,一桶100公斤的魚肉,若不小心摻了一些不新鮮的魚肉,可能會導致整桶魚肉不能食用。
她坦言,新鮮魚丸的保鮮期限很短,新鮮的魚丸只能放3天;炸過的魚丸則是3至5天。這是因為魚丸不能冷凍,否則魚丸會有一個個小孔,口感不佳。
因此王寶嬋常常提醒零售商,千萬不能放超過三天,以免魚丸變質,也影響聲譽。
從色味判斷魚丸變質
她說,魚丸變質可從顏色、味道來判斷,新鮮的魚丸呈白色,魚丸腐爛偏灰色;魚丸也會釋出粘粘的稠液。
王寶嬋也分享挑選新鮮魚丸的秘訣,她說,魚丸會有一定的鮮味,但也有一些人不喜歡這樣的鮮味,而選擇沒有鮮味的魚丸。
她不願置評其他人如何製作沒有鮮味的魚丸,她說,每個人有不同的秘方,但根據她的經驗,生產出來的魚丸不可能全無鮮味。
(星洲日報‧獨家報道:吳嘉雯、張德蘭